Augmented Reality Training for Pelvic Exams and Pap Smears in Medical Students

This randomized controlled trial evaluated whether augmented reality (AR)-based pre-simulation training improves the acquisition of speculum examination and Papanicolaou (Pap) smear sampling competencies among undergraduate medical students, compared with conventional text- and video-based preparation. Participants were randomly assigned to receive AR-based training or conventional training before completing a standardized simulated speculum examination and Pap smear session, assessed using a validated Direct Observation of Procedural Skills (DOPS) checklist by a blinded evaluator. The primary outcome was achievement of a minimum competency threshold at the time of the simulation.