The goal of this observational study is to explore how the shape of the foot arch affects muscle tone, strength, and balance in healthy young adults aged 18-25, of all genders.
The main questions it aims to answer are:
1. Does foot postures as Pes Planus, Pes Cavus, and Normal arch has significant effect on static and dynamic balance performance, lower limb muscle tone, or muscle strength in young adults?
2. What is the functional impact of foot posture on stability, movement efficiency, and injury risk?
Participants will be grouped based on foot arch type: flat (pes planus), high (pes cavus), or normal using Arch Height Index (AHI).
The investigators will compare groups to see if differences in foot arch affect postural stability, muscle tone, and strength. Participants will:
* Complete a sociodemographic questionnaire (Age, gender, physical activity level, dominant leg, and footwear habits), and anthropometric measurements (Height, weight, and BMI).
* Undergo static balance test for both legs:
Single Leg Stance, counting the errors made in 30 seconds for 3 trials.
\- Undergo dynamic balance tests for both legs: Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) by reaching in 8 directions while balancing on one foot, and Single-Leg Hop for Distance by hopping forward on one leg.
* Have muscle tone and stiffness assessed using the MyotonPRO device on specified lower limb muscles.
* Have muscle strength measured using a handheld dynamometer (MicroFET2) across major specified leg muscles.
People have different types of foot arches. Some have flat feet (pes planus), some have high arches (pes cavus), and others have normal arches. These variations affect how the body aligns during movement and balance. Flat feet may cause inward rolling (overpronation), fatigue, and pain. High arches may cause stiffness, poor shock absorption, and a higher risk of ankle injuries.
Both arch types can reduce postural control and increase the risk of imbalance. Since lower body muscles are critical for maintaining posture, weak or poorly coordinated muscles can worsen these effects. However, no previous study has comprehensively explored the combination of foot arch structure, muscle tone, muscle strength, and both static and dynamic balance. This study aims to fill that gap.
The results may help healthcare professionals develop better screening and treatment strategies, such as exercise programs, rehabilitation approaches, and shoe recommendations for individuals with flat or high arches. By understanding these factors, the investigators can improve movement efficiency, prevent injuries, and support better quality of life.
All participants will be informed of the study procedures and will provide both written and verbal consent. The study will be conducted in compliance with ethical standards.