Phenotype-Guided Weaning in Mechanically Ventilated Patients With Chronic Comorbidities

The goal of this clinical trial is to learn whether a phenotype-guided weaning strategy can help adults with chronic comorbidities be liberated from invasive mechanical ventilation earlier. It will also learn about the safety of this strategy. The main questions it aims to answer are: * Does the phenotype-guided weaning strategy increase the number of ventilator-free days within 28 days after enrollment? * Does the strategy improve the process and success of ventilator liberation? * What safety events occur when this strategy is used? Researchers will compare the phenotype-guided weaning strategy with standard care in mechanically ventilated patients with chronic cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, or respiratory comorbidities. In the intervention period, participants will receive a protocolized ventilator weaning pathway. This pathway includes assisted ventilation transition, daily weaning readiness screening, a 0 cmH2O continuous positive airway pressure test, spontaneous breathing trial, extubation assessment, and post-extubation respiratory support when appropriate. The phenotype-guided part of the strategy is mainly used for participants who fail a spontaneous breathing trial or have difficult weaning. These participants will undergo structured ABCDE screening to identify the main phenotype or mechanism of weaning failure: * A: airway or lung dysfunction * B: brain dysfunction, including delirium, anxiety, agitation, or impaired consciousness * C: cardiac dysfunction * D: diaphragm or respiratory muscle dysfunction * E: endocrine, metabolic, or nutritional problems Based on the identified phenotype, clinicians will provide targeted assessment and treatment. Participants will be followed for ventilator-free days through day 28 and for clinical outcomes through day 90.