The goal of this clinical trial is to evaluate the effectiveness of a wearable brain-computer interface (BCI)-based neurofeedback system using motor imagery (MI) to support upper limb motor rehabilitation in patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS). The main questions it aims to answer are:
Does BCI-mediated neurofeedback enhance the voluntary modulation of sensorimotor rhythms (ERD/ERS) during motor imagery tasks in MS patients?
Is the proposed BCI system usable, acceptable, and potentially suitable for telerehabilitation contexts?
Researchers will compare a group undergoing BCI-based neurofeedback plus conventional motor therapy with a control group receiving only standard rehabilitation, to determine whether the intervention leads to superior EEG modulation and clinical outcomes.
Participants will:
Undergo 24 neurofeedback sessions over 12 weeks (2 per week), (experimental group), or do not receive any therapy (control group);
Complete baseline and follow-up evaluations (6 weeks, 12 weeks, and 1-month post-treatment) including motor imagery ability (MIQ-3), manual dexterity (9-Hole Peg Test, AMSQ), perceived fatigue (FSS), and usability (SUS);
Perform EEG-based motor imagery tasks with visual and haptic feedback in immersive extended reality (experimental group only).