The most common symptom that occurs during the menstrual cycle is cramping pain in the lower abdomen. This pain during the menstrual cycle is called dysmenorrhea. It is one of the most common causes of pelvic pain in women. Dysmenorrhea is categorized into two types: primary and secondary. Primary dysmenorrhea manifests as painful cramps during the menstrual period without a pelvic pathology. The pain can radiate to the lower back, pelvis, and upper thigh. Although the etiology of primary dysmenorrhea is not fully known, four main causes have been identified. The etiology of primary dysmenorrhea is endocrine causes, increased prostaglandin levels, increased uterine activity, and psychological causes. Among these factors, increased uterine contractions are thought to be particularly effective in causing the pain. Ischemia in the uterus, which occurs with increased contractions, is among the factors that increase the pain. Primary dysmenorrhea has a prevalence ranging from 45% to 95%. Secondary dysmenorrhea, on the other hand, results from underlying pathological causes such as endometriosis, adenomyosis, uterine fibroids, or pelvic infections. Common symptoms of dysmenorrhea include lower abdominal pain along with headache, numbness, sleep disturbances, depression, vomiting, tender breasts, nausea, diarrhea, and increased urine output.