The purpose of this randomized controlled clinical trial was to compare the clinical and radiographic outcomes of indirect pulp treatment (IPT) and direct pulp capping (DPC) using mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) in deep carious primary molars. Children with deep dentin caries in primary molars were randomly assigned to receive either IPT or DPC. Clinical and radiographic evaluations were performed at 6 and 12 months to assess treatment success. The findings of this study aim to provide evidence-based guidance for the management of deep dentin caries in primary teeth.