White noise has been shown to improve working memory and attention in children diagnosed with ADHD . These cognitive abilities are fundamental to the acquisition of reading and writing skills. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to evaluate the effects of white noise on reading and writing performance in children with a diagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Specific Learning Disorder (SLD) attending the first and second cycles of primary school.
The study is a randomized crossover clinical trial comprising five sequential phases. Each participant completes two standardized assessment sessions, one with white noise and one without, in a randomized order, separated by a four-week interval.
* Phase I (Recruitment and Screening): potential participants are identified and assessed for eligibility at the Centro di Riabilitazione San Raffaele Pisana in Rome.
* Phase II (Diagnostic Grouping): eligible children are assigned to one of two diagnostic groups based on their clinical profile (Group SLD + ADHD or Group SLD-only).
* Phase III (Randomized Sequencing): Within each diagnostic group, participants are randomly allocated to one of two exposure sequences to counterbalance order effects (White-noise → No-noise, or No-noise → White-noise).
* Phase IV (First Assessment Session): standardized assessment under randomized conditions, with or without white noise.
* Phase V (Second Assessment Session): standardized assessment, conducted four weeks later, with or without white noise according to the previous randomization.