The study will consist of two phases. In the first phase, the validity and reliability of the children's experiences of dental anxiety measure (CEDAM) scales will be assessed in children aged 9-16 years using item analysis, content and construct validity, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability.
In the second phase, the effect of music will be evaluated in a randomized controlled trial involving children aged 9-12 years. The study will employ a three-session design with progressively increasing procedural invasiveness. In the final session, the control group will receive basic behavior guidance, while the intervention group will additionally listen to music during the dental procedure.
Perioperative anxiety will be assessed using the Children's Anxiety Meter-State (CAM-S), Children's Emotional Manifestation Scale (CEMS), and short version of the CEDAM (CEDAM-8). A conceptual model will be used to examine the relationships between music intervention, preoperative anxiety, intraoperative anxiety, and postoperative anxiety.