Veno-arterial CO2 Pressure Difference to Arterio-venous O2 Difference Ratio & Blood Lactate Levels Are Predictors of Postoperative Outcome in Whipple Procedures

Whipple surgery is a complex abdominal procedure associated with a high risk of hemodynamic instability and splanchnic hypoperfusion leading to anastomotic leaks, delayed gastric emptying, and organ dysfunction Traditional markers (e.g., MAP, mixed venous oxygen saturation \[SvO₂\], lactate) are indirect, invasive and often delayed. CO₂-derived variables (e.g., venous-to-arterial CO₂ gap \[ΔCO₂\], tissue CO₂ \[PtCO₂\], end-tidal CO₂ \[EtCO₂\] changes) provide earlier and more sensitive signs of microcirculatory dysfunction.

NCT Number	NCT07306845
Lead Sponsor	Alexandria University
Conditions	Postoperative Outcome, Whipple Procedures
Enrollment	120 participants
Start Date	2025-12-25
Primary Completion	2026-06-25 (estimated)
Study Completion	2026-06-25 (estimated)
Updated on ClinicalTrials.gov	2025-12-29