Introduction: Timely and accurate antibiotic administration in emergency department (ED) patients with sepsis or septic shock is vital, given mortality rates of 20% and over 40%, respectively. In high antimicrobial resistance (AMR) settings, selecting effective empirical antibiotics is challenging, requiring a balance between efficacy and minimizing multidrug-resistant organism (MDRO) emergence. A predictive model estimating AMR probability could optimize antibiotic use, improve outcomes, and reduce resistance. Although risk factors are known, no single validated model exists for predicting multidrug resistance in sepsis. Accurate prediction must integrate patient history, pathogen profiles, infection source, and antibiotic characteristics.
Objectives: To estimate AMR prevalence in adult ED patients with sepsis or septic shock and develop a validated predictive model estimating AMR probability and likely pathogens. The model will follow a three-phase approach: (1) predict culture positivity, (2) estimate pathogen likelihood, and (3) predict AMR. Additionally, we aim to describe individual-level statistics for both predictable and unpredictable cases based on model performance.
Methods: A cross-sectional study will be conducted at Hospital Italiano's adult ED over 70 months (Jan 1, 2017-Mar 20, 2020 and May 1, 2022-Aug 10, 2025), excluding the COVID-19 period. Primary outcomes include culture positivity, bacterial species, and MDRO prevalence. Frequency analyses will use positive cultures, species, and resistance classifications (MDRO, MDR, XDR, PDR), including mechanisms (e.g., MRSA, ESBL, KPC, MBL, OXA). Denominators will include all sepsis patients and, separately, culture-positive cases. Confidence intervals (95%) will be calculated using normal approximation. Multivariate logistic regression with backward stepwise selection will identify predictors and interactions. A hierarchical model will be developed based on culture results, pathogen identification, and resistance profiles.