Chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment is a prevalent and distressing condition among breast cancer survivors, adversely affecting memory, attention, and overall cognitive function, thereby diminishing quality of life. Emerging evidence suggests that multimodal interventions combining cognitive training and adapted physical exercise may mitigate these cognitive deficits and associated symptoms. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of a 12-week structured intervention integrating cognitive training and supervised physical exercise in improving cognitive function, fatigue, sleep quality, psychological distress, and overall well-being in women with breast cancer. Furthermore, it seeks to determine the optimal timing for such interventions to maximize their effectiveness. A randomized controlled trial involving 220 participants will assess subjective and objective cognitive outcomes, brain activity, and physical performance. The findings from this research may contribute to the development of evidence-based rehabilitation strategies, enhancing cognitive health and quality of life in breast cancer patients.