Comparative Analysis of Gremlin-1, Syndecan-4 and IL-1 Beta Levels in Gingival Crevicular Fluid Among İndividuals With Periodontal Health and Stage III Periodontitis, Considering Both Smokers and Non-Smokers, Before and After Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy

eriodontitis is a complex disease characterized by the inflammation and destruction of the tissues supporting the teeth, and smoking can adversely affect the pathophysiological changes in this process. In an unhealthy periodontium, the host's inflammatory response products can be detected in the content of DOS, and the presence of these components is crucial in obtaining information about the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. Biochemical markers found in DOS are significantly helpful in determining the active stages and regions of the disease and in evaluating the host response to periodontal treatment. IL-1β has been determined to play a leading role in the pathogenic mechanism of periodontal tissue destruction, and the degree of inflammation in the tissues can be measured by IL-1β activity in DOS. Syndecan-4, a member of the transmembrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan family, regulates cellular activities such as tissue homeostasis, inflammation, fibrosis, and tumor metastasis. Gremlin-1 is a protein that inhibits BMP (Bone Morphogenetic Protein) signaling, influencing cell growth and tissue development. Gremlin-1 plays an important role in tissue repair and regeneration, modulating inflammatory processes and regulating cellular homeostasis. While recent studies have explained the role of Syndecan-4 and Gremlin-1 in inflammation, their effects on periodontal tissues are still quite limited in the literature. Our study aims to investigate the effects of smoking on these biomarkers by comparing the periodontal status before and after treatment of healthy, smoking, and non-smoking individuals with stage 3 periodontitis, with the goal of developing early diagnostic tools in the future.